The Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide - 2091 Words

Finding the Right Way to Intervene: Sovereignty Paper In the spring and summer of 1994, Rwanda experienced a genocide that killed hundreds of thousands of innocent people. After seeing the tragedies that took place in Nazi Germany, one would expect the international community to respond quickly and effectively in the case of the Rwandan genocide. However, the killings were largely pushed aside or ignored by the rest of the world, begging the question of when states have the right or duty to betray another state’s sovereignty. There are different methods of intervening to protect human rights, but they are much debated and there have been many times that intervention has made a situation worse. However, there is a moral obligation that we all have to protect others when we can, whether they are part of our nation or not. If human rights are being abused in a state, other states have the duty to take multilateral actions to stop killings and provide aid. A state should forfeit their sovereignty if human rights are being abused to the point that large groups in the population are being systematically killed. A case in which a state should forfeit their sovereignty is if a group of citizens are attacked or killed by a large group. In Rwanda, during the â€Å"spring and early summer of 1994†¦at least eight hundred thousand people were killed in just a hundred days.† The genocide was between the Hutu racial majority and the Tutsi minority in Rwanda. Hutu extremists called upon HutuShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide1864 Words   |  8 PagesKant’s philosophical perspective, humans are moral agents due to their ability to rationalize, reason and be autonomous. In order to make the claim that the international community is morally unjustified in their lack of action regarding the Rwandan genocide is because humanitarian intervention can be regarded as a perfect duty when approached from a Kantian perspe ctive. This ideology is challenging for many critics because if this is a perfect duty then comes the question of who is to claim suchRead MoreRwandan Genocide Report On The Conflict Essay1809 Words   |  8 PagesRwandan Genocide Report Summary of the conflict In 1894 German colonization resulted in Tutsis being put into roles of responsibility over Hutus due to the Tutsis more closely resembling Europeans. After Germany lost its colonies after World War One Belgium took over control in Rwanda. The Belgians distributed identification cards throughout the population, unknowingly beginning the genocide process. They also gave all the leadership roles to the Tutsi, upsetting the Hutus. When Rwanda fought forRead MoreRwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict3296 Words   |  14 Pages the state of Rwanda was hurled into chaos as genocides took the lives of 800,000 people . Began by the Hutu political elite and its military support, their main targets were the Tutsi, and Hutu moderates. Many have claimed â€Å"ethnic hatred† as the reason of the Rwanda Genocide and while an ethnic split existed in Rwanda during the conflict, the causes for the genocide are numerous and complicated. In examining the Rwanda Genocide as an ethnic conflict it is crucial that ethnicity be inspected as itRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And Ethnic Conflict1768 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.0 Introduction The Rwandan genocide has been a topic of discussion and study by many scholars, researchers and humanitarian bodies seeking to find the root cause of its happening. Some found out that deterioration in the political climate was the possible cause. Others argued that the Hutu elite were only safeguarding their political power from the Tutsis who had, under the colonial rule, oppressed the Hutus. The genocide was seen to be the best platform for settling scoresRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide1511 Words   |  7 PagesSometime in April 1994, during the Rwandan Genocide, Father Athanase Seromba helped lure 2,000 Tutsi men, women, and children into his church where they thought they would be safe. One day, Seromba began clearing out the Communion chalices. A refugee in the church begged him to leave the Eucharist so that they could hold a final mass. However, Seromba refused, telling the congregation that the building was no longer a church. Another refugee asked the priest if he would pray for them. He answeredRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide Under The Clinton Administration975 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1994, one of the most brutal genocides of all time took place in the small country of Rwanda. Over the span of approximately 100 days, 800,000 Rwandans were killed—an average of 8,000 people per day— with Tutsis being the primary target. The staggering numbers called for international intervention, yet the action taken across the world was slim. Samantha Power’s â€Å"Bystanders to Genocide† reveals that the U.S.’s handling of the Rwandan genocide under the Clinton Administration was both minimalisticRead MoreThe Conflict Between Rwanda And The Rwandan Genocide Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesBodies lying in the streets. People hacking each other with machetes and other bladed weapons. Blood splattering the ground. Such was the scene in the spring of 1994 in the African country of Rwanda. The Rwandan Genoc ide claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of lives over the course of 100 days because of racial tensions between the Hutus and the Tutsis. Over twenty years later, the two tribes live together, but it is an uneasy peace. Tensions between the Hutus and the Tutsis can be tracedRead MoreThe Rwandan Conflict : Genocide Or War? International Journal On World Peace891 Words   |  4 PagesDanjibo Dominic. The 1994 Rwandan Conflict: Genocide or War? International Journal on World Peace. Vol XXX No. 3(2013). 31-54. Print. The Article by Olaifa and Dominic, provides background and general information about the Rwandan Conflict of 1994 which relates to the concept of genocide and is to determine its relationship with war as a concept. The authors present an investigation of the reasons of Rwandan tragedy and justifies the difference between concepts of war and genocide by explaining theirRead MoreA Look at the Rwandan Genocide Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Thousands of people died. The only reason is because they were a different political party. There are terrible economies. People are suffering and have very little hope. Genocide is the only reason. Everything could have been prevented if genocide didn’t exist. The world basically ignored the genocide and pretended like it never happened because they didn’t want to spend the money. Thousands of people could still be alive if the world stepped up at helped the victims of this horrible crime. RwandaRead MoreThe Rwanda Of The Rwandan Defence Force904 Words   |  4 Pagesa lack of proper governance. Each conflict has its own individual history, perpetrators, victims and bystanders with difficult answers on how to solve them. The post-genocide nation of Rwanda witnessed one of the most horrific events a nation could experience, genocide. However, it has rebuilt itself to become an example nation for transitional justice, political stability and economic development. Rwanda’s military capabilities within the institute of the Rwandan Defence Force (RDF) are well known

Introduction to Wind Tunnel Free Essays

string(52) " for the 20o AoA, the percent relative error is 38\." The basic concept and operation of subsonic wind tunnel was demonstrated in this experiment by conducting airfoil drag analysis on a NACA 0015 airfoil. The small subsonic wind tunnel along with apparatus such as, the manometer rake, the inclined manometer and the pitot – static tube were used with different baffle settings to record varying pressure readings. To achieve this objective, some assumptions were made for the lower range of subsonic flow to simplify the overall analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Wind Tunnel or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the obtained aerodynamic measurements using a pitot-static tube mounted ahead of the airfoil at the test section, the actual velocity was determined and by relating it to the theoretical velocity, the velocity coefficient was calculated. The velocity coefficient varies for each baffle setting by a factor of decimals, thus the velocity coefficient can be used as a correction factor. Further, the coefficients of drag were calculated for the following angles of attack, 10o, 15o, and 20o and were compared with the published values. INTRODUCTION The wind tunnel is an absolute necessity to the development of modern aircrafts, as today, no manufacturer delivers the final product, which in this case can be civilian aircrafts, military aircrafts, missiles, spacecraft, and automobiles without measuring its lift and drag properties and its stability and controllability in a wind tunnel. Benjamin Robins (1707-1751), an English mathematician, who first employed a whirling arm to his machine, which had 4 feet long arms and it, spun by falling weight acting on a pulley however, the arm tip reached velocities of only few feet per second. 4] Figure 1: Forces exerted on the airfoil by the flow of air and opposing reaction on the control volume, by Newton’s third law. [1] This experiment will determine drag forces experienced by a NACA 0015 airfoil, subjected to a constant inlet velocity at various baffle settings with varying angles of attack. DATA ANALYSIS, THEORATICAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURE Apparatus in this experiment as shown in the figure 2, consisted of a small subsonic wind tunnel. The wind tunnel had an inlet cross-section of 2304 in2 and an outlet crosses section of 324 in2. A large compressor forced air from room) into the inlet through the outlet tunnel and back into the room. This creates a steady flow of air and a relative high velocity can be achieved in the test section. Instrumentation on the wind tunnel consisted of an inclined manometer and a pitot-static tube in the test section also a manometer rake behind the tested objet (airfoil NACA 0015). The manometer rake consisted of 36 inclined manometers; number 36 is used as a reference for the static pressure. All other manometer measures the pressure behind the object in the airflow. Figure 2: Wind tunnel set up with instrumentation [5] Before the experiment was performed the laboratory conditions were recorded, the room temperature was measured to be 22. 5 C (295. 65) and the atmospheric pressure 29. 49 inHg (99853. 14Pa). Theory The setup of this experiment includes a NACA 0015 airfoil placed in the wind tunnel. Considering the cross-sectional area A1, velocity V1, and the density of air p1 at the inlet and similarly the cross-sectional area A2, velocity V2, and the density of air p2 at the outlet and by assuming that no mass is lost between the inlet-outlet section, we get the mass conservation equation, p1 V1 A1 = p2 V2 A2 (1). Further, the airflow can be assumed to be incompressible for this experiment due to low velocity, the equation (1) can be reduced to V1 A1 = V2 A2 (2), moreover, the air is assumed to be inviscid, the Bernoulli’s equation, p1+12? V12=p2+12? V22 (3) and the equation (2) can be reduced to Vth=2(p1-p2)/? 1-A2A12 (4) in order to find the theoretical velocity. The pitot – static tube is used to calculate the actual velocity of the flow by using, Vact= 2(p2-p1)? (5). Furthermore, the velocity coefficient can be calculated using, Cv=VactVth (6). The pressure and shear stress acting on the NACA 0015 airfoil produces a resultant force R, which according to the Newton’s third law produces an equal and opposite reaction force. For this experiment, in the condition of lower range of subsonic velocity, it can be assumed that pressure and density will be constant over the airfoil thus, D=jj+1? (uo2-ui2)dy=-12? uj2+uj+12o-uj2+uj+12iyj+1-yj (7) can be used to calculate the drag and, CD=Drag12(? air*Velocity2*area) (8) can be used for calculating the coefficient of drag. Procedure Part 1, Variation of inlet cross section: In this first part we recorded the pressure behavior in the test section by decreasing the inlet area. After the safety instructions were given by the TA and a chart for the readings prepared on the white board the wind tunnel was turned on. Two students were taking readings simultaneously from the inclined manometer in the test section and the static pitot tube, the readings were recorded in table 1. Between each reading the compressor was turned off due to the sound level, it was important to give the compressor some time after each start up to have the same conditions as in the previous measurement. Part 2, recording the wake profile of NACA 0015 For this part of the experiment the inlet area was fully opened and the airfoil first set to an angle of attack of 10, the wind tunnel was turned on and all 36 readings recorded (table 2) from the manometer rake. The measurement was repeated for an angle of attack of 15 and 20. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The linear relationship between the V actual and the V theoretical approves of the theory that the velocity coefficient, Cv can be used as a correction factor for the theoretical velocity. This is further demonstrated in (Graph2). The calculated results are shown in table 1. The approximated literature values of the coefficient of drag for NACA 0015 airfoil were obtained from a NASA published report [3] for the 10o AoA, the percent relative error is 3. 1%, for 15o AoA, the percent relative error is 31. 0%, and for the 20o AoA, the percent relative error is 38. You read "Introduction to Wind Tunnel" in category "Papers" 7%. Increases in angle of attack lead to a more disturbed airflow behind the wing section. This disturbed airflow created more drag, these drag forces were clearly observable in table 3, 4. The angle of attack can be increased until the total drag forces become larger than the resultant lift- force; a wing is then no longer effective and stalls. The calculated drag forces are shown in tables 2-4. According to NASA, in their published report of Active flow control at low Reynolds numbers on a NACA 0015 airfoil, its is suggested that, by positioning the wake rake around 4. 5 times chord length behind wing to survey the wake. Further, two pressure orifices on opposite tunnel walls, aligned with the wake rake can be used to determine the average wake static pressure. This type of wake rake enables the wake to be surveyed with only a few moves of the wake rake, hence improving the measurements of drag using wake rake. 2] At large angles of attack, the upstream velocity of the airfoil can no longer be considered as the free-stream velocity, largely due to the miniature size of the wind tunnel relative to the NACA 0015 airfoil hence, the assumption that the uo max gt; ui is valid for this experiment. CONCLUSION Ergo, it is evidently seen in the graphs 1 and 2 that, the averaged velocity coefficient, Cv, 1. 063 can be used as the correction factor for the theoretical velocity. Further, the accurate (4-32) drag forces were calculated to be 2. 72 N, 13. 46 N, and 46. 4 N for the following angles of attack, 10o, 15o, and 20o. Moreover, the drag coefficient were also calculated based on the observed data and than were directly compared with the literature values. For the 10o of angle of attack, the percent relative error was very minimal at 3. 1% however; the drag coefficients for the 150 and the 20o were not very accurate, with the percent relative error of 31. 0% and 38. 7% respectively. This can be improved by implementing a smaller airfoil, so that the proportion of the wind tunnel covered by the airfoil is significantly smaller. Also, the skin friction losses along the edges of the wind tunnel may very well be taken into the account to achieve greater accuracy. Finally, it can be concluded that, as the angle of attack of the airfoil increases, the drag force will also increase due to the effect of flow separation. REFERENCES [1] Walsh, P. , Karpynczyk, J. , â€Å"AER 504 Aerodynamics Laboratory Manual† Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2011 [2] Hannon, J. (n. d. ). Active flow control at low reynolds numbers on a naca 0015 airfoil. Retrieved from http://ntrs. nasa. gov/archive/nasa/casi. ntrs. nasa. gov/20080033674_2008033642. pdf [3] Klimas, P. C. (1981, March). Aerodynamic characteristics of seven symmetrical airfoil section through 180-degree angle of attack for use in aerodynamic analysis of vertical axis wind turbines. Retrieved from http://prod. sandia. gov/techlib/access-control. cgi/1980/802114. pdf [4] Baals, D. D. (1981). Wind tunnels of nasa. (1st ed. , pp. 9-88). National Aeronautics And Space Administration. [5]Fig. 1, Wind tunnel set up with instrumentation, created by authors, 2012 APPENDIX Sample Calculations Note: AoA = ANGLE OF ATTACK. Sample calculations part 1, Baffle opening 5/5: Conversion inH2O to Pa (N/m2): 1 inH2O=248. 2 Pa (at 1atm) ?2inH2O ? 248. 82 PainH2O=497. 64 Pa Theoretical velocity: Equation (4): Vth=2(p1-p2)/? 1-A2A12 , where p1-p2=497. 64 Pa, A2=2304 in2, A1=324 in2, ? Density air (ideal gas law) laboratory conditions; 22. 5 C (295. 65K), 29. 49 inHg (99853. 14Pa): ? =pRT=99853. 14Pa287JkgK(295. 65K)? 1. 1768 kgm3 ?Vth=2(497. 64pa)/1. 1768kgm31-2304 in2324 in22=29. 37m/s Actual velocity: E quation (5):Vact= 2(p2-p1)? where p1-p2=522. 52 Pa, ? =1. 1768 kgm3 ? Vact= 2(522. 52Pa)1. 1768 kgm3=29. 80 m/s Velocity coefficient: Equation (6): Cv=VactVth=29. 8029. 37=1. 015 Sample Calculations Part 2, Angle of attack 10o, tube 1 For dL, tube number 36 served as a reference pressure for all readings: 26. 4cm – 9. 2cm = 17. 2cm or 0. 172m Pressure difference, equation (7): ?p=SG*? H2O*g*L*sin? =1*1000kgm3*9. 81ms2*0. 172m*sin20o=577. 06 Pa Velocity, equation (8) note; pressure difference previously calculated: V1=2*SG*? H2O*g*L*sin air=2*577. 06 Pa1. 1768kgm3=31. 32 m/s Drag force, equation (9), for ui a velocity away from the tunnel wall was chosen to achieve a more realistic drag force: D=jj+1? (uo2-ui2)dy=-12? uj2+uj+12o-uj2+uj+12iyj+1-yj=-121. 1768kgm3(31. 32ms)2+( 31. 5ms)2o-2(31. 5m/s)2i0. 01m=0. 07 N Total drag force, summation lead to: Dtotal = 9. 04 N, however due to the boundary layer along the inner walls of the wind tunnel a more accurate summation is the sum of the values of tubes 4-32 which results in a total drag force of 2. 72 N. Coefficient of Drag Equation (9), for the drag force the more accurate summation of tube 4-32 was used: CD=Drag12(? air*Velocity2*area)=2. 72N12(1. 1768kgm3*31. 50ms2*(0. 1524m*1. 00m)=0. 031 To compare the Cd to a value found in literature the Reynolds number is required: Re=? air*V*cViscosity=1. 1768kgm3*31. 50 m/s*0. 1524m1. 789*10-5kgs*m=315782. 35 Observation and Results for Part 1 Table 1, Observations/Results part 1| Baffle Opening| Inclined Manometer (inH2O)| Pa ( x 248. 82 Pa/inH2O)| Pitot Static (inH2O)| Pa ( x 248. 82 Pa/inH2O)| V theoretical (m/s)| V actual (m/s)| Cv| 5;5| 2. 00| 497. 640| 2. 10| 522. 52| 29. 37| 29. 80| 1. 015| 4;5| 1. 80| 447. 876| 1. 90| 472. 75| 27. 87| 28. 35| 1. 017| 3;5| 1. 15| 286. 143| 1. 25| 311. 02| 22. 27| 22. 99| 1. 032| 2;5| 0. 45| 111. 969| 0. 46| 114. 46| 13. 93| 13. 95| 1. 001| 1;5| 0. 05| 12. 441| 0. 08| 19. 905| 4. 64| 5. 82| 1. 252| Table 1: The theoretical velocity was calculated using the eq. (4) and the actual velocity was calculated using the eq. 5) from the obtained pressure data from the hand held pitot tube. The velocity coefficient, Cv, was calculated using the eq. (6). Note: The sample calculations are given in the appendix section of this report. Graph 1: The results from Table 1 were used to create the plot of V actual Vs. V theoretical. Graph 2: The plot of the velocity coefficient and the actual velocity. From the plot, it can be clearly seen the very minute difference between the velocity coefficient values. Observation and Results for Part 2 Table 2, Observations/Recordings part 2, Angle of attack 10 | Fluid length in tube ( ±. 1cm), Inclination 20| Tube Nr. | L (cm)| dL (cm)| Pressure (Pa)| u (m/s)| Drag force (N)| 1| 9. 2| 0. 07| 0. 07| 0. 07| 0. 07| 2| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 3| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 4| 9. 0| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| 5| 8. 8| -0. 13| -0. 13| -0. 13| -0. 13| 6| 8. 8| -0. 13| -0. 13| -0. 13| -0. 13| 7| 8. 8| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| 8| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 9| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 10| 9. 0| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| 11| 8. 9| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| 12| 9. 0| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| 13| 8. 9| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| 14| 8. 9| 0. 64| 0. 64| 0. 64| 0. 64| 5| 11. 0| 1. 68| 1. 68| 1. 68| 1. 68| 16| 12. 0| 1. 01| 1. 01| 1. 01| 1. 01| 17| 9. 0| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| 18| 8. 9| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| 19| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 20| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 21| 9. 0| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| 22| 8. 9| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| 23| 8. 9| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| -0. 07| 24| 8. 9| -0 . 10| -0. 10| -0. 10| -0. 10| 25| 8. 8| -0. 10| -0. 10| -0. 10| -0. 10| 26| 8. 9| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| -0. 03| 27| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 28| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 29| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| 30| 9. 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 0| 0. 00| 31| 9. 0| 0. 07| 0. 07| 0. 07| 0. 07| 32| 9. 2| 0. 34| 0. 34| 0. 34| 0. 34| 33| 9. 8| 0. 34| 0. 34| 0. 34| 0. 34| 34| 9. 2| 0. 07| 0. 07| 0. 07| 0. 07| 35| 9. 0| 5. 84| 5. 84| 5. 84| 5. 84| 36| 26. 4| 0| Reference| 0. 00| 0. 00| Total drag force (1-35)| 9. 04| Total drag force (4-32)| 2. 72| Coefficient of drag calculated| 0. 031| Coefficient of drag literature| 0. 030| Table 3, Observations/Recordings part 2, Angle of attack 15 | Fluid length in tube ( ±. 1cm), Inclination 20| Tube Nr. | L (cm)| dL (cm)| Pressure (Pa)| u (m/s)| Drag force (N)| 1| 8. 2| 0. 06| 0. 06| 0. 06| 0. 06| 2| 8| -0. 01| -0. 01| -0. 1| -0. 01| 3| 8| -0. 01| -0. 01| -0. 01| -0. 01| 4| 8| -0. 04| -0. 04| -0. 04| -0. 04| 5| 7. 9| -0. 08| -0. 08| -0. 08| -0. 08| 6| 7. 9| -0. 04| -0. 04| -0. 04| -0. 04| 7| 8| -0. 01| -0. 01| -0. 01| -0. 01| 8| 8| -0. 01| -0. 01| -0. 01| -0. 01| 9| 8| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 10| 8. 6| 0. 49| 0. 49| 0. 49| 0. 49| 11| 8. 9| 0. 49| 0. 49| 0. 49| 0. 49| 12| 8. 6| 0. 39| 0. 39| 0. 39| 0. 39| 13| 8. 6| 0. 56| 0. 56| 0. 56| 0. 56| 14| 9. 1| 1. 40| 1. 40| 1. 40| 1. 40| 15| 11. 1| 2. 51| 2. 51| 2. 51| 2. 51| 16| 12. 4| 2. 74| 2. 74| 2. 74| 2. 74| 17| 11. 8| 2. 40| 2. 40| 2. 40| 2. 40| 18| 11. 4| 2. 00| 2. 00| 2. 00| 2. 00| 9| 10. 6| 1. 47| 1. 47| 1. 47| 1. 47| 20| 9. 8| 1. 06| 1. 06| 1. 06| 1. 06| 21| 9. 4| 0. 79| 0. 79| 0. 79| 0. 79| 22| 9| 0. 63| 0. 63| 0. 63| 0. 63| 23| 8. 9| 0. 49| 0. 49| 0. 49| 0. 49| 24| 8. 6| 0. 39| 0. 39| 0. 39| 0. 39| 25| 8. 6| 0. 32| 0. 32| 0. 32| 0. 32| 26| 8. 4| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 27| 8. 4| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 28| 8. 4| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 29| 8. 4| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 30| 8. 4| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 31| 8. 4| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 26| 0. 2 6| 32| 8. 4| 0. 32| 0. 32| 0. 32| 0. 32| 33| 8. 6| 0. 56| 0. 56| 0. 56| 0. 56| 34| 9. 1| 0. 56| 0. 56| 0. 56| 0. 56| 35| 8. 6| 6. 30| 6. 0| 6. 30| 6. 30| 36| 26. 2|   0. 00| Reference  | 0. 00  | 0. 00  | Total drag force (1-35)| 19. 55| Total drag force (4-32)| 13. 46| Coefficient of drag calculated| 0. 145| Coefficient of drag literature| 0. 100| Table 4, Observations/Recordings part 2, Angle of attack 20 | Fluid length in tube ( ±. 1cm), Inclination 20| Tube Nr. | L (cm)| dL (cm)| Pressure (Pa)| u (m/s)| Drag force (N)| 1| 8| 0. 16| 0. 16| 0. 16| 0. 16| 2| 7. 6| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 3| 7. 6| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 4| 7. 6| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 5| 7. 6| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 6| 7. 6| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 0. 03| 7| 7. 6| 0. 03| 0. 3| 0. 03| 0. 03| 8| 7. 6| 0. 09| 0. 09| 0. 09| 0. 09| 9| 7. 8| 0. 16| 0. 16| 0. 16| 0. 16| 10| 7. 8| 0. 23| 0. 23| 0. 23| 0. 23| 11| 8| 0. 50| 0. 50| 0. 50| 0. 50| 12| 8. 6| 1. 17| 1. 17| 1. 17| 1. 17| 13| 10| 2. 37| 2. 37| 2. 37| 2. 37| 14| 12. 2| 3. 58| 3. 58| 3. 58| 3. 58| 15| 13. 6| 5. 39| 5. 39| 5. 39| 5. 39| 16| 17. 6| 7. 21| 7. 21| 7. 21| 7. 21| 17| 19| 7. 88| 7. 88| 7. 88| 7. 88| 18| 19. 6| 7. 88| 7. 88| 7. 88| 7. 88| 19| 19| 7. 04| 7. 04| 7. 04| 7. 04| 20| 17. 1| 5. 73| 5. 73| 5. 73| 5. 73| 21| 15. 1| 4. 09| 4. 09| 4. 09| 4. 09| 22| 12. 2| 2. 44| 2. 44| 2. 44| 2. 44| 23| 10. 2| 1. 37| 1. 37| 1. 37| 1. 37| 4| 9| 0. 66| 0. 66| 0. 66| 0. 66| 25| 8. 1| 0. 29| 0. 29| 0. 29| 0. 29| 26| 7. 9| 0. 23| 0. 23| 0. 23| 0. 23| 27| 7. 9| 0. 23| 0. 23| 0. 23| 0. 23| 28| 7. 9| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 29| 7. 8| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 30| 7. 9| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 31| 7. 8| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 0. 19| 32| 7. 9| 0. 46| 0. 46| 0. 46| 0. 46| 33| 8. 6| 0. 50| 0. 50| 0. 50| 0. 50| 34| 8| 0. 29| 0. 29| 0. 29| 0. 29| 35| 8| 6. 40| 6. 40| 6. 40| 6. 40| 36| 26. 2| 0| 0. 00| 0. 00| 0. 00| Total drag force (1-35)| 51. 30| Total drag force (4-32)| 46. 64| Coefficient of drag calculated| 0. 489| Coeffici ent of drag literature| 0. 300| How to cite Introduction to Wind Tunnel, Papers

Financial Statement Analysis Of Unilever - Free Sample

Question: Descirbe about the Financial Statement Analysis of Unilever? Answer: Executive Summary According to the overall analysis of the project is based on the management accounting techniques and profitability status of the company Unilever. The entire project report is showing the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the business activities of the company in the different countries all around the world. The business strategies and objectives give impact on the financial status of the company to growth within a certain period of time. Introduction This particular study has emphasized on explaining how management accounting can supply information to assist the management of the organisation. In order to conduct this study, Unilever has been considered as the case organization. The overall study has been subdivided into several sub sections. The first part of this project is all about understanding the accounting techniques available for business organization and also the SWOT analysis of the company Unilever. The overall operational activities of the company in terms of both the financial and Non-financial criteria also have been explained here. Background of the organization The company Unilever established in the year 1933. Now the company is operating in 190 different countries in all around the world. The company is primarily supplies the large number of variety products which is utilized by the different ages group of customer segment of the company in all around the world (Unilever.com, 2015).The actual turnover of the company at the end of the financial year 2013-2014 is 48.4 billion which is showing that company 57% growth in their products and services market in all around the world. The company uses some new utility plans which is mainly support in reducing the wastage impact of the company by 15%. Unilever is the one of the best FMCG Company which preferred by the billions of customers in all around the world. Management accounting techniques There are various tools and techniques which are used by the company during the calculation of the management accounting of organization Unilever. There are several accounting calculation techniques which are used by the company during the calculation of the financial statement analysis of the company Unilever (Bhimani, 2012). The ratio analysis, capital budgeting and the portfolio analysis are the main tools which is easily measured the financial status of the organization Unilever limited. Management accounting of the company is generally evaluation to fix the long term goal of the company Unilever. The primary function of the management accounting which is based on the planning, control, cost accounting, decision making and auditing process of the company. There are different tools and techniques which are describe the cost volume profit and capital investment. Useful capital budgeting techniques: While, ratio analysis has been considered as the major tool to analyze the performance of the company over the time frame, capital budgeting techniques entirely revolves around investment opportunity assessment. There are several capital budgeting techniques that organization can employ. All these capital budgeting techniques mainly classified under two broad heads: discounting techniques and non discounting techniques. Under discounting techniques, there are several approaches exists like payback period, profitability index, etc. Similarly, net present value, internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return etc are the major discounting techniques organizations employed for investment decision. Payback period: According to this method, the investment option will selected on the basis of recovery period of the initial expenditure made by the organization. Following is the formula for payback period: Payback period: Initial investment for the project / net annual cash flow This formula will be applied in case of identical cash inflow over the time frame. If the cash inflow remains uneven over the time frame, following formula will be applied: Payback period = A + (B/C) Where, A = corresponding year of the last negative cumulative cash inflow B = Absolute value of the last negative cumulative cash inflow And C = Cash inflow of the subsequent year of the last negative cumulative cash inflow. Taken for example, let us consider, the organization Unilever has the following investment opportunity: Initial investment required: $10000000 Cash inflow: Year 1: $5000000 Year 2: $4000000 Year 3: $2000000 Year 4: $2000000 Year 5: $1000000 Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Initial Investment $ 100,00,000.00 Cash Inflow $ 50,00,000.00 $ 40,00,000.00 $ 20,00,000.00 $ 20,00,000.00 $ 10,00,000.00 Cumulative Cash Inflow $ -50,00,000.00 $ -10,00,000.00 $ 10,00,000.00 $ 30,00,000.00 $ 40,00,000.00 Payback Period 2.5 Years Net Present value: When, payback period is used widely because of easy access, net present value, which is a discounting technique, also utilized by the firm broadly. The formula for net present value is as mentioned below: NPV = C1 / (1+R) + C2 / (1+R)2 + C3 / (1+R)3 + C4 / (1+R)4 + C5 / (1+R)5- C0 C0 = initial investment C1= 1st year inflow C2 = 2nd year inflow C3 = 3rd year inflow C4 = 4th year inflow C5 = 5th year inflow R = Discount Rate If the above investment opportunity is considered here and if the required rate of return for Unilever is 12%, then the npv of this project will be calculated as below: Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Initial Investment $ 100,00,000.00 Cash Inflow $ 50,00,000.00 $ 40,00,000.00 $ 20,00,000.00 $ 20,00,000.00 $ 10,00,000.00 Cumulative Cash Inflow $ -50,00,000.00 $ -10,00,000.00 $ 10,00,000.00 $ 30,00,000.00 $ 40,00,000.00 Payback Period 2.5 Years Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Initial Investment $ 100,00,000.00 Cash Inflow $ 50,00,000.00 $ 40,00,000.00 $ 20,00,000.00 $ 20,00,000.00 $ 10,00,000.00 Discounting rate 12% 0.892857143 0.797193878 0.711780248 0.635518078 0.567426856 Present value $ 44,64,285.71 $ 31,88,775.51 $ 14,23,560.50 $ 12,71,036.16 $ 5,67,426.86 Total Present value $ 109,15,084.73 Net Present Value $ 9,15,084.73 Ratio Analysis The ratio analysis of the company Unilever is commonly based on the financial statements of the company within the given period of time. The financial statement analysis of the company which is analyzes the overall techniques of the financial status analysis of the company which is based on the ratio analysis techniques of the company Unilever (Drury, 2012). 6.1 Profitability ratio Profitability ratio of the company is based on the analysis of the capabilities of the organization in terms of measuring the earning capacities of the company. The overall profitability ratio calculation of the company is decided by the financial statement for period 2013 and 2014. Particulars Unilever 2013 2014 TOTAL REVENUE 25,810.21 28,019.13 GROSS PROFIT 4,957.88 5,028.39 GROSS PROFIT MARGIN 0.192089875 0.179462746 The gross profit margin of the company is based on the earning capabilities of the organization in terms of their operational activities.According to the analysis the gross profit margin of the Unilever 0.192 and 0.179 in the financial year 2013 and 2014. According to the gross profit margin of the company financial period 2013 is more profitable year for the Unilever. Particulars Unilever 2013 2014 TOTAL REVENUE 25,810.21 28,019.13 NET PROFIT 3,796.67 3,867.49 NET PROFIT MARGIN 0.147099539 0.138030339 The net profit margin of the company is generally related to the earning capabilities of the organization in terms of their operational activities. According to the analysis the gross profit margin of the Unilever 0.147 and 0.139 in the financial year 2013 and 2014. According to the gross profit margin of the company financial period 2013 is more profitable year for the unilever(Edwards and Boyns, 2012). Particulars Unilever 2013 2014 NET PROFIT 3,796.67 3,867.49 TOTAL ASSET 11,512.47 12,998.40 RETURN ON ASSETS 0.309794797 0.595071701 The returns from assets of the company is dependent on the earning capabilities of the organization in terms of revenue generation activities of their financial statements. According to the analysis the asset returns of the Unilever 0.309 and 0.595 in the financial year 2013 and 2014. According to the returns from assets acquired by the company financial period 2014 is more profitable year for the company unilever than 2014. Liquidity ratio Liquidity ratios of any organization which is generally support the liquidity position of the company Unilever which is measuring the financial situations of the company by which is easily pay the short-term financial obligation of the company(Follett, 2012). Particulars Unilever 2013 2014 current assets 11,512.47 12,998.40 current liabilities 5,167.69 5,793.89 current ratio 2.227778756 2.243466825 The current ratio of the company unilever is showing the financial position of the company which is making understand that the company is able to pay the short obligation of the company within financial period 2013 and 2014. The current ratio of the company is 2.22 and 2.24 in the financial period of time. Thecurrent ratio of the unilever company is more profitable in the financial year 2014. Particulars Unilever 2013 2014 current assets 11,512.47 12,998.40 current liabilities 5,167.69 5,793.89 INVENTORY 2,526.99 2,747.53 quick ratio 1.738780771 1.769255198 The quick ratio of the company unilever is showing the financial position of the company which is making understand that the company is able to pay the short obligation of the company within financial period 2013 and 2014. The current ratio of the company is 1.738 and 1.769 in the financial period of time. The current ratio of the unilever company is more profitable in the financial year 2014. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis of the company Unilever is based on the analysis of the all the strength, weaknesses, opportunity and the threats of the company in the market.The company is also operating their product distribution activities in more than 190 countries(Garrison and Brewer, 2012). The company is providing the large range of the products for different range of clients and customers. The company also getting product manufacturing services is from 270 manufacturing sites in all around the world and also having more than 25 international brands which is generating 70% revenue from the overall selling activities of the organization. Strength The strength of the Unilever Company is mainly following in nature: The company is also operating their product distribution activities in more than 190 countries. The company is providing the large range of the products for different range of clients and customers. The company also getting product manufacturing services is from 270 manufacturing sites in all around the world and also having more than 25 international brands which is generating 70% revenue from the overall selling activities of the organization. The company is having huge products range for the different segment of customers which is mainly defining the huge revenue generation activities of the organization. The strong research and development authorities of the organization is based on the price and quality of the products which provided by the company in the all around the world market. The company is having more than 400 international brands which are selling in the market in different size and varieties as per the customers taste and preferences. The promotional activity of the company and the advance technologies which is going to use by the unilever is providing the competitive advantages to the company unilever. Weaknesses There are several weaknesses which is related to the unilever brands during the selling and distribution activities of their products in the market(Horngren and Oliver, 2012). Those weaknesses are following in nature: The company is having very strong product manufacturing competitors in the market those are like PG and Nestle which is preferable by the millions of customers in all around the world. The products which are produced by the company are also manufactured by the other company in the market in reasonable price and better quality in the local consumer market which is lower in compare to the company Unilever. Opportunity There are various opportunities which are awaited for the Unilever in the market as per the several conditions which are based on the demand of the products and the changes in the taste and preferences of the customers in the market. The following opportunity is waiting in the future of the organization. The company highly famous in the health conscious products which is generallybetter in compare to the other products of different brand. The company is mainly famous for the changing the life styles and trends of the consumers which is related to the several activities of the organization.The company is changing the trend of the project which is enhancing the demand of the project in the market. The huge demand in the organization which is based on the demand the production capacities of the company will increase significantly. Threats Thethreats of the company Unilever are generally survive on the performance of the company in the current scenario of the products demands in the market(Drury, 2012). There are some threats which are measures by the company during their management and operational activities of the company and those threats are following in nature: The economic inflation and reception mainly give negative impact on the business activity of the company Unilever which will decrease the profitability of the company within the given financial period of time. The customer are more conscious about the products they buy from the market so the company mainly focusing on the making the eco-friendly products in the environment. The global market competition need to match by the company with their competitors which is depends upon the innovative products features which are prefer by the customer of the company. The legal rules and regulations which arebased on the government taxation policies and the different procedure of the company. Conclusion According to the overall analysis of the company unilever it is shown that the company is huge expanded in the global market for their products range provided in the market as per the taste and preferences of the different segments of customers in the all around the world.The financial status of the company is mainly measure by the ratio analysis of the company which is generally based on the financial statement analysis of the company Unilever. The company is having higher numbers of strength which is provided by the investors and the customers of the company within a particular financial year of company Unilever. Reference Hul.co.in, 2. (2015).Our history | Hindustan Unilever. [online] Hul.co.in. Available at: https://www.hul.co.in/aboutus/ourhistory/ [Accessed 17 Jun. 2015]. Bhimani, A. (2012).Management and cost accounting. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Drury, C. (2012).Management and cost accounting. Andover: Cengage Learning. Drury, C. (2012).Management and cost accounting. Andover: Cengage Learning. Edwards, R. and Boyns, T. (2012).A History of Cost and Management Accounting. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Follett, R. (2012).How to keep score in business. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: FT Press. Garrison, R., Noreen, E. and Brewer, P. (2012).Managerial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Gibson, C. (2012).Financial statement analysis. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Horngren, C., Datar, S. and Rajan, M. (2012).Cost accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Oliver, M. (2012).Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hsu, S. and Qu, S. (2012). Strategic Cost Management and Institutional Changes in Hospitals.European Accounting Review, pp.1-33. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2012).Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Mayes, T. and Shank, T. (2012).Financial analysis with Microsoft Excel. Australia: South-Western. Moeschler, M. (2012).Cost Accounting in Germany and Japan. Frankfurt: Lang, Peter, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. Petersen, C. and Plenborg, T. (2012).Financial statement analysis. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Peterson Drake, P. and Fabozzi, F. (2012).Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Ratnatunga, J., Tse, M. and Balachandran, K. (2012). Cost Management in Sri Lanka: A Case Study on Volume, Activity and Time as Cost Drivers.The International Journal of Accounting, 47(3), pp.281-301.

Marilyn Yarbrough with Crystal Bennett Essay Example

Marilyn Yarbrough with Crystal Bennett Essay Marilyn Yarbrough with Crystal Bennett Excerpted from Marilyn Yarbrough with Crystal Bennett, Cassandra and the Sistahs: the Peculiar Treatment of African American Women in the Myth of Women as Liars Journal of Gender, Race and Justice 626-657, 634-655 (Spring 2000)(254 footnotes omitted) In addition to the negative stereotypes scholars associate with all women who complain about sexual harassment and other types of sexual abuse, there are three common stereotypes ascribed particularly to African American women. First, Mammy, everyones favorite aunt or grandmother, sometimes referred to as Aunt Jemima, is ready to soothe everyones hurt, envelop them in her always ample bosom, and wipe away their tears. She is often even more nurturing to her white charges than to her own children. Next, there is Jezebel, the bad-black-girl, who is depicted as alluring and seductive as she either indiscriminately mesmerizes men and lures them into her bed, or very deliberately lures into her snares those who have something of value to offer her. Finally, Sapphire, the wise-cracking, balls-crushing, emasculating woman, is usually shown with her hands on her hips and her head thrown back as she lets everyone know she is in charge. Besides the three common stereotypes listed above, there are other, more contemporary ones. According to Professor Ammons, the matriarch symbolizes the black mother in her home. The matriarch is the mammy gone bad, a failed mammy, because she has spent too much time away from home, has not properly supervised her children, is overly aggressive, and emasculates the men in her life. We will write a custom essay sample on Marilyn Yarbrough with Crystal Bennett specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marilyn Yarbrough with Crystal Bennett specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marilyn Yarbrough with Crystal Bennett specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The matriarch was the centerpiece of the Moynihan Report of the mid-1960s. Professor Ammons goes on to describe the welfare queen: [w]hile the problem with the matriarch is that she is too aggressive, the welfare mother is not aggressive enough. She shuns work and passes bad values onto her children. Unlike the breeder slave woman who was most valuable when she bore children, the welfare mother must be discouraged from producing because her offspring are a threat to economic stability. Another, mostly abandoned stereotype, once common in motion pictures that predated the appearance even of Mammy, was that of the tragic mulatta, depicted as alluring, sexually arousing, seductive, and tainted (by one drop of African blood). The image of Mammy as a symbol of African American womanhood is inextricably integrated into the folklore of American culture. The evolution of the Mammy image can be attributed to female slaves performing domestic duties for the family of the slave owner. Historically, the media has portrayed her as having characteristics that suggest submissiveness towards her owner (during slavery) or employer (following Emancipation). Moreover, her behavior connotes satisfaction and comfort with her station in life, wherein she is consigned to performing domestic duties. Mammy is first and foremost asexual, and accordingly, in this society she had to be fat. Most portrayals of Mammy depict her as an obese African American woman, of dark complexion, with extremely large breasts and buttocks . . . By doing this, male slave-owners could disavow their sexual interests in African American women. By characterizing Mammy as an asexual, maternal and deeply religious woman whose main task was caring for the masters children and running his household, the slave-owner found in her the perfect slave. She was a loyal, faithful, but still untrustworthy member of the family who always knew her place. The second stereotype of African American women is that of Jez ebel. Jezebel is the promiscuous female with an insatiable sexual appetite. In Biblical history, Jezebel was the wife of King Ahab of Israel. Jezebels actions came to exemplify lust. Subsequently, the name Jezebel has become synonymous with women who engage in lewd sexual acts and who take advantage of men through sex. Jezebel is depicted as erotically appealing and openly seductive. Her easy ways excused slave owners abuse of their slaves and gave an explanation for Jezebels mulatto offspring. This inability to be perceived as chaste brought about the stereotype of dishonesty. In other words, African American women were not, and often are not, portrayed as being truthful and, therefore, they could not be trusted. Throughout history, our court system has also exploited the myth of Jezebel. The courts have used this image to make racism and sexism appear natural. The sexual myth of Jezebel functions as a tool for controlling African American women. Consequently, sexual promiscuity is imputed to them even absent specific evidence of their individual sexual histories. This imputation ensures that their credibility is doubted when any issue of sexual exploitation is involved. Finally, in the stereotype of Sapphire, African American women are portrayed as evil, bitchy, stubborn and hateful. In other words, Sapphire is everything that Mammy is not. The Sapphire image has no specific physical features other than the fact that her complexion is usually brown or dark brown. Unlike other images that symbolize African American women, Sapphire necessitates the presence of an African American male. The African American male and female are engaged in an ongoing verbal duel. Sapphire was created to battle the corrupt African American male whose lack of integrity, and use of cunning and trickery provides her with an opportunity to emasculate him through her use of verbal put-downs. Ernestine Ward popularized the Sapphire image in the Amos and Andy television series. Ward played a character known as Sapphire, and her husband, Kingfish, was played by Tim Moore. Sapphires spiteful personality was primarily used to create sympathy in viewers for Kingfish specifically and African American males in general. As a result, many African American women suppress these feelings of bitterness and rage for fear of being regarded as a Sapphire. The myths of Mammy, Jezebel and Sapphire have their roots in negative anti- woman mythology. Moreover, at any time, each of these images is used to characterize African American women in a monolithic image. Consequently, many people find it difficult to appreciate the diversity of African American women and instead impose identities based on negative stereotypes. While the Jezebel stereotype most clearly supports the sexual exploitation of African American women, the other two stereotypes also promote this subjugation. Mammys harassment claims would go unheard because no one would believe that a man would desire an asexual woman. Similarly, Sapphires claims of sexual abuse would be overshadowed by her reputation for deception, lying and lack of loyalty. The characterizations of African American women as asexual Mammys, promiscuous Jezebels, and antagonistic Sapphires reaffirm societys belief that African American women are less individualistic than white women. These stereotypes, which evolved during slavery, continued to exist after the end of slavery and still contribute to the unique harassment experiences of African American women today. [pic]

Free sample - Poem Characters. translation missing

Poem Characters. Poem CharactersThe speaker of the poem is Edna St. Vincent Millay who was born in February 22, 1892 and died in October 19, 1950. Edna St. Vincent Millay was an American lyrical poet, feminist and playwright (p .1). She was the earliest female to obtain the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, in addition to was acknowledged for her activism as well as her numerous love interaction. Edna St. Vincent Millay used the false name Nancy Boyd for her writing style occupation. The speaker of the poem is saying that love is not necessary basic thing neither sex only affair where man goes in and out of a woman. The main idea of the poem or the theme of the poem is love. The specific examples of poetic techniques used are rhyme scheme, alliteration, imagery, simile, metaphor, symbol, personification, allusion, The protagonist of a literary work always suffers in a particular problem or dilemma because his or her world view or value system in that there may be more than one antagonist in a story, and they are ever a villain. Sometimes, a work will offer a particular character as the protagonist, only to dispose of that character unexpectedly. Sometimes protagonist is impossible to identify because multiple plots in the novel do not permit clear identification of one as the main plot. These fictions of literary elements read in class this semester are of primary interest in the works as for instance:   Plot, or storyline, is often listed as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. It is the rendering and ordering of the events and actions of a story. On a micro level, plot consists of action and reaction, also referred to as stimulus and response. On a macro level, plot has a beginning, middle, and an ending. Plot is often depicted as an arc with a zig-zag line to represent the rise and fall of action. Plot also has a mid-level structure: scene and sequel. A scene is a unit of drama- where the action occurs. Then, after a transition of some sort of the sequel- an emotional reaction and regrouping, an aftermath. Types of plots: Chronological order Types of plotsIs where all of the proceedings happen in the order in which they happened in writing. There might be orientation to proceedings as of the past or future; on the other hand the actions are in black and white in time order. in attendance will not be flashbacks as well flash forwards.Flashback In times of the past in television, film as well as extra media, a flashback is also called analepsis, is an interrupted scene that acquire the description flipside in time from the up to date summit the story has get to. Flashbacks are frequently used to narrate proceedings with the intention of happened previous to the story's main series of measures or to fill in critical back-story. Character origin flashbacks specifically refers to flashbacks trading with key actions in the early hours in a character's progress casing he could fly, The method is used to generate anticipation in a narrative, otherwise build up a temperament. In writing, inner analysis is a flashback to a previous summit in the tale; outside analysis is a flashback to previous to the storyline in progress. Setting, the location and time of a story, is often listed as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. Sometimes setting is referred to as milieu, to include a context (such as society) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story. In some cases, setting becomes a character itself and can set the tone of a story. Characterization is often listed as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. A character is a participant in the story, and is usually a person, but may be any personal identity, or entity whose existence originates from a fictional work or performance. (Millay 1917, p. 2) Characters may be of several types: Character of Point-of-view is the character as of whose point of view (theme) the viewers understand the story. This is the character that represents the point of view the audience will empathize or at the very slightest, sympathize with. Consequently this is the "Main" Character. Character of Protagonist is the driver of the accomplishment of the story in addition to therefore accountable for accomplishing the stories of Objective Story Goal Character of Antagonist is the character that position in antagonism to the leading role. Character of Static is a character that does not appreciably revolutionize all through the track of a story. Dynamic character is a character that undergoes character development all through the itinerary of a story. Character of Foil contrasts to the protagonist in a manner in which to light up their behavior or quality Supporting character: A character that stage a division in the plot, however is not most important Minor character: A character in a small piece.    Methods of developing characters Appearance   gives details otherwise illustrate the typescript superficial manifestation for the person who reads to be intelligent to recognize them Dialogue is what they articulate as well as how they say it Action is what the character perform in addition to how he/she does it Reaction of others: how other characters see and treat him/her    Millay, E. S. (2010). Poems. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group,.

8 Ways to Make Your Job Search Easier

8 Ways to Make Your Job Search Easier If you are thinking of starting a job search, it is a good idea to decide what you need to do beforehand. Laying out a plan in advance and using modern job-search techniques can help you get a job more quickly and find just the position you want. A few handy tips can get you started on the road to satisfying employment and make it easier while you are looking. 1. Connect Using Social Media and FriendsYou’ve updated your resume and are ready to look at classified job ads, but today’s resumes are usually no more than two pages. You might not have enough room to list everything you want. There are other ways to get added space to sing your own praises. Now is a good time to jazz up your LinkedIn page, use Facebook to mention that you are job hunting, and take advantage of your personal webpage if you have one. Sometimes, jobs can come from introductions or referrals, so let friends and former coworkers know you are scouting.2. Examine What Makes You Special and Use ItYou k now you have talents and experience that can help you get a job. Examine your qualifications and talents and job search in that direction. Confidence in what you have to offer to a company is more likely to land you the position you want. Let your resume reflect your expertise. Companies will notice.3. Don’t Take It PersonallyYou probably won’t hear back from many of the job applications you put in, but shouldn’t take it personally. Recruiters can receive hundreds of job applications per week. Their main focus is finding the right person for the job. If you don’t hear back, send an email or make a phone call to make sure your application wasn’t overlooked, and then move on if you don’t receive a positive response.4. Don’t Waste Your TimeYou’ve spotted what you think is the perfect job but don’t have the necessary qualifications. Should you pursue it anyway? This is a major problem faced by recruiters, and the reason many applicants do not hear back. It not only wastes their time but yours also. Apply for jobs for which you are qualified. If you want to move up on the ladder, get the necessary skills first.5. Focusing on Your Job SearchBe smart about your job search. While some job openings are still posted in newspapers, many companies use online job search sites to post openings. Other companies do the job search for you, freeing up your time so you can concentrate on other aspects of your search, such as doing follow ups. Before starting a job search, think about the most efficient way to approach it and follow through.6. Using a Stock ResumeApplicants for a job are more likely to get a callback if the resume is focused on the position for which they are applying. Sending out the same resume for every position is less likely to be noticed by a recruiter, no matter how good that resume is. If you spot a job opening that you find exciting, focus your resume on that job, and it can put you at an adv antage over other candidates.7. Don’t Get OverwhelmedThere are many jobs available, and you know you are a talented worker. However, spreading yourself too thin by applying to many different types of jobs within your category can be a mistake. Try to concentrate on one or two areas to conduct the most effective search, and you are more likely to be rewarded with good results.8. Think About Salary Before Being InterviewedIf you are applying for a job where the salary is listed, can you live on it or does it have opportunities for advancement? If not, move on to other job listings. Many positions these days require that you state your salary requirements. This can be awkward in an interview if you haven’t done your research. If you are called for an interview, research the company to come up with a salary range and present a range, not a fixed salary. The company for which you are applying for a job probably has a salary range already in mind, and you are more likely to get hired if your salary requirements fall within that range.Beginning a job search in these days of strong competition takes skill and preparation. Classified job ads can be outdated and have many applicants. TheJobNetwork takes the stress out of job hunting by doing the heavy work for you. All you have to do is list your job interests and qualifications, and you will receive prompt notices of job openings that match in the form of email alerts. Sign up with TheJobNetwork, and you can job hunt the easy way.

Internal analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal analysis - Essay Example Financial Resources and Analysis The financial resource of a company is the money available to the company in the form of cash, cash equivalents, credit lines and liquid securities. An entrepreneur needs to have sufficient amount of cash to operate a business successfully. Analytical tools like ratio analysis determine the profitability and business risks of the company. The management of the company needs to analyze the company’s profitability, business risks and financial condition to take a decision related with the company (Abacus, â€Å"Management†). The company had generated sales of $12 million in the financial year 2011. The current ratio signifies the company’s ability to meet the short term obligations of the company and a current ratio between 1.5 and 3.0 signifies that the company is in a healthy condition (Brigham, and Houston 87). The current ratio of ABS is 0.77 and 1.12 in the financial year 2011 and 2012 respectively. The company’s ability to meet its short term liabilities was very poor in the year 2011, however the company’s current ratio strengthened in the year 2012. ... The debt to equity ratio was negative in the financial year 2011 and improved considerably in the financial year 2012. The cash ratio of a company determines the ability of the company to repay its short term liabilities in a short time. The cash ratio of the company should be equal to or below 1.00. The cash ratio of ABS is 0.22 and 0.64 in the financial year 2011 and 2012 respectively. The cash ratio of the company is stronger in the year 2012 which signifies that the company has the ability to repay its current liabilities immediately by using cash or cash equivalents (Gibson 246). The inventory turnover ratio indicates the effective use of the company’s inventory management practices (Andrew, and Gallagher 97). The inventory turnover ratio of the company is 17.16; a high inventory turnover ratio is unhealthy because they represent an investment with a rate of zero. The return of the shareholder’s equity indicates the profitability to the shareholders of the company after including the tax and other expenses. The return on equity ratio in the year 2011 was negative which indicates that the shareholders did not receive any profit in the same year. This was mainly due to the fact that the hospitality industry was not performing well during recession. At the present situation, the hospitality industry is earning meagre profits because the economy is recovering from recession. The return on equity ratio was 5.06 percent in the year 2012 which signifies that the company is yielding profits and may provide better returns to the shareholders in the future. The current ratio of the company has been rising and the acid test ratio is weak. A strong current ratio coupled with a

Human behaviour in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human behaviour in the workplace - Essay Example According to Mullins (2010), a trait is a characteristic that is dominant in an individual that makes them behave in a particular manner. Traits have been greatly used ti study the personalities of individuals mostly in their workplaces. The theory majors on the differences between individuals and what makes them unique in their different ways (Uczynski and Buchanan 2009).   Further to that, the main purpose of this theory is to identify the differences between individuals based on their personalities. Traits theory differentiates individuals into cardinal traits, central traits, or secondary characters. Cardinal traits are traits that are evident in individuals whole life. The traits are unique to every individual to some extent they are identified on the uniqueness of the traits. Central traits are the obvious characteristics found in a person that can be used to define their personalities. Despite being unique to most individuals in most cases, to some situations they are not un ique. Last is a secondary trait; the trait exists in a person's life because of a particular attitude or preferences. They are not dominant in an individual's personality, but they occur under different circumstances (Uczynski and Buchanan 2009).Personality Questionnaires Theory.This theory focuses on using questions to measure the personalities of individuals. The questions used are based on a yes, no or I do not know answers. In workplace, questionnaires theory can be applicable in measuring the level of team building exhibited by the workers.

Marketing Mix Essay Example for Free

Marketing Mix Essay Introduction Companies today try their best to continue to keep up with the changes of services, products and technology. Companies rely on their abilities in marketing to keep consumers interested in their products and services. The success of a company may rely on the company’s marketing performance. Marketing planning starts by thinking of the targeted audience needs, strategies, and the development of the products and or service needed. Developing a marketing strategy will consist of the marketing mix. The marketing mix is â€Å"the strategic plan that defines the company’s overall mission and objectives†. (Armstrong Kotler, 2011) Sprint will be used as an example as to how they implement the marketing mix to their company. Sprint’s overall mission and objective is â€Å"To be No. 1 in providing a simple, instant, enriching and productive customer experience†. (Sprint, 2012) The marketing mix includes the four Ps (elements) of marketing. The four Ps are product, place, pricing, and promotion. To better explain how the four Ps work in a company we will see how Sprint applies the four Ps to their company. Frist P Element: Products Sprint is constantly trying to keep up with the technology changes to ensure customer satisfaction. â€Å"Sprint is one of the premier wireless providers for smart phones in the US†. (Sprint, 2012) Sprint cells top of the line phones and phone services for residential customers as well as business customers. Sprint is not limited to just new products or service, but to enhance products or services that are already established as well. Marketer’s decisions on products are based on the nature of what the customer’s needs are. For Sprint to make sure they are listening to their customers and to know what their needs are they have blogs and chatting sessions on their website where everyone from customers to employees can share their comments, ideas, suggestions and opinions about improving products and services that are already established. Improvements can consist of phones to be able to handle more information or new technology added to the phones. Improvements can also be as simple as color or size. Decisions on products are also by the targeted customer (younger=texting abilities, older=tracking system for their children, oldest=being able to see the numbers on the key pad). Improvements may also be a wider range of service accessibility for fewer calls dropped. Second P Element: Place Where can Sprint be accessible to their targeted audience? Sprint makes themselves available through their website, kiosks in malls, as well as local Sprint stores. All places provide the phones and services needed. Not only regular customers are targeted, businesses are targeted as well. Sprint offers plans for businesses which provide packages which consist of several phones on one plan. The business plans are specifically designed to make it easier to conduct daily business transactions. The store supplies physical one-on-one people for those customers who prefer the person-to-person interaction. The store also provides a hands-on scenario where customers are free to look at the phones and see what they look, sound and feel like. The store provides a comfortable opportunity for the customers to make a personal educated choice. On the other hand, Sprint also provides their website. Sprint’s website provides a wider range of phone choices (new and used), wide range of services (phone service, wireless service, etc.) and for customers that need to ask question, Sprint provides online help (chat session, contact numbers, website links). The kiosk is just a convenience catcher. It is in a mall in hopes that a passing by customer will catch a glimpse of the products and be curious enough to stop, ask questions and possibly purchase a product on their way to another store. The store, website and kiosk are designed to give the customers all the tools and information needed to make the best choice for their personal or business needs. Sprint prides itself to making sure all their bases are covered and provides total accessibility to their customers in order to provide them with quick and convenient service available. In marketing a place is also known as the warehouse where, in this case, Sprint houses their phones for distribution so it is available for its customers. Third P Element: Pricing Pricing is a crucial part of the four Ps. Price is also considered a flexible marketing mix element. Marketers must consider the research, development, and services when pricing. In addition, marketers have to think about the how their company will price their products and services based on how much they will spend on fabrication and how competitors are pricing the same products and services. Customers are an important thought in the pricing process as well because they are the ones that are going to produce the revenue for the company. Marketers are also at the mercy of the economy; they will have to price low enough to get a good number of customers and gain a profit, but no low enough that they will get financially hurt in the process. Producing the right or good price for products and or services a company might have to consider redesigning products and services that may already exist. Sprint might offer better phones at a lower service plan or a better service with less expensive plan. Many times Sprint offers free phones to get new customers to purchase their service plan. Customers are given several options so that they do not feel like they are trapped picking a plan that does not accommodate their needs. Fourth P Element: Promotion The last element is promotion. â€Å"Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it†.(Armstrong Kotler, 2011) This element is the one that helps with enticing the customers to buy their products and services. Promotions are done in numerous ways. Ways of promotion may include, but are not limited to, deals, rebates, discounts and internet sales. â€Å"Deals are short-term price reductions, commonly used to increase trial among potential customers or to retaliate against a competitor’s action†. (Kerin, Hartley Rudelius, 2011) Deals and discounts are a very common way of promotion. Almost all retailers use deals in order to bring in existing, as well as, new customers. Sprint sometimes will have deals where you can add a particular feature to your phone service; like texting. These deals go on for a particular amount of time just so you can try it for a discounted price in hopes to get you to purchase the feature. One common promotion that Sprint offers is rebates. Sprint gives out rebate promotions on some of their phones. A rebate, for example, is when a phone is purchased and the company (like Sprint) is willing to give you a portion or all of the money you paid for the phone for using their service. You will not be able to buy a phone without the service in order to get the rebate. At times the rebate is given when trying a new phone that they are piloting. Internet promotions are another way of getting people to buy products and services. Although Sprint is over both the store and the websites, they were able to provide in store special promotions that customers were not able to receive online. The same went for their website; they were able to provide online specials that were not given in the store. Most of the time the promotions were on phones; customers were able to purchase phones with a special on service or customers were able to purchase phones that have been refurbished or used. These particular internet promotions were not available if the customer went to the store and said that they saw the promotion online and ask if the store would honor it. Unfortunately, the answer to the customer’s question would be no. Conclusion The four Ps serve as the four main parts of the marketing mix. As shown each one of them has an individual function. Each element is equally important on its own as well as a whole of the marketing mix. All of the elements are an effective part of a successful combination. The combination consists of reaching the customer’s needs and wants and the company’s ability to produce revenue and profits. The four P elements of the marketing mix is one of the most crucial parts of a company’s marketing today and it proves to be a bit complicated at times. At times, not all customers will be satisfied and the company might suffer a loss but the ultimate goal is to be successful by any means using the help of the four Ps. References Armstrong, G. Kotler, P. (2011). Marketing: An Introduction. (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Kerin, R. A., Hartley, S. W. Rudelius, W. (2011). Marketing (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGrawHill Sprint.com (2012) About Sprint. Retrieved on December 20, 2012 from http://www.sprint.com/about/

Baker :: essays research papers

Director of Bakery Cooperative My buddy is a baker out in DowningTown J$G Bagelry so I thought reading about a baker would be nice start to see what he does after he leaves home at one two in the morning to not return until midday. I know a few things about what by buddy does one is that you can't stay in the same bakery for more than 8 hours in a row or you get kind of sick I know he has to manage a bunch of people at two different bakeries. It seems like a job that could be fun but bad hours and a lot of responsibility. The one thing that would be hard is that my friend has to stay till the work is done and that can be 48 hour days. I want to work there but I bet they are out of business by now. The ideas that are held in esteem by these people are some things I want to be part of. First, the idea of community involvement stated as such, "We hire only nationhood people. We will hire anyone who can do the work. There have been all ages." (467). The other idea I like is that there is no owner and it's non profit, as the put it, "I'm the director. It has no owner. Originally I owned it. We're a nonprofit corporation 'cause we give our leftover bread away, give it to anyone who would be hungry."(447). They seem to mean that witch they say about giving away food I was most impressed with the story of the naborhood drunk, it goes something like this A drunk, who had obviously had a hard day's night, enters. There is a soft discussion. She hands him a loaf. He leaves, "He asked me for a quarter.

Other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) Essay

Introduction O.T.T. Incorporated, principally engaged in the manufacture and sale of clothing, has six investments remaining in the department’s portfolio as of December 31. According to ASC, this memo analyzes whether any of its investments are other-than-temporary impaired, and determines the amount of the impairment. Facts Investment 1 — Happy New Year & Co. OTT purchased 11 shares of Happy New Year & Co. stock on at $20 a share †¨on Jan. 3, 20X1, and the price dropped to $15 in March and remained steady till Dec. 31, 20X1. OTT management does not believe the decline in price to be permanent and has asserted that it does not intend to sell this investment in the future. Investment 2 – Beary Beary OTT held notes of Beary Beary with an amortized cost of $95 and a fair value of $88 on Dec. 31, 20X1. OTT’s investment committee established a policy requiring the sale of this security when the fair value declines below $90. Investment 3 – Buy-A-Lot Company OTT held bonds of Buy-A-Lot Company with an amortized cost of $100 and a fair value of $88 as of December 31, 20X1. The company’s credit rating upgraded from BBB to BBB+ that management has asserted it does not intend to sell this investment. Investment 4 – March Madness Incorporated On March 25, 20X1, OTT bought 50 shares of March Madness Incorporated stock †¨at $100 a share, classifying its investment as available for sale. As of December 31, 20X1, the price of the stock was $72. On January 31, 20X2, the date the Company’s financial statements are issued, the price of the stock went up to $75. Investment 5 — Tohoku Toys OTT held bonds issued by Tohoku Toys with an amortized cost of $25 and a fair value of $5 as of December 31, 20X1. Tohoku Toys is going through a restructuring because it was significantly affected by a severe earthquake in April 20X1. OTT does not believe that the restructuring will ultimately be successful. Investment 6 — Chatterbox OTT holds a debt security issued by Chatterbox with an amortized cost of $100 and a fair value of $90 as of December 31, 20X1. The present value of the cash flows OTT expects to receive, discounted at the security’s original effective interest rate is $92 as of December 31, 20X1. OTT intends to sell this security. Issues The other-than-temporary impairment depends on two issues:  ·Whether the fair value of the investment is less than its cost.  ·The impairment is either temporary or other than temporary depending on other guidance when the fair value is less than its cost. Discussion Investment 1—Happy New Year & Co. ASC 323-10-35-32: â€Å"A loss in value of an investment that is other than a temporary decline shall be recognized. Evidence of a loss in value might include, but would not necessarily be limited to, absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or inability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity that would justify the carrying amount of the investment.† ASC 320-10-35-34: â€Å"If it is determined in Step 2 that the impairment is other than temporary, then an impairment loss shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment is made.† Because the share price had a large decline from $20 to $15 and remained steady around $15 in most of time, it seems the share is absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment. Therefore, other-than-temporary impairment has  occurred, and loss of $55 (11*$5) should be recorded. Investment 2 – Beary Beary ASC 320-10-35-33A: â€Å"If an entity intends to sell the debt security (that is, it has decided to sell the security), an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred.† The company intends to sell the investment because the fair value is below $90. Therefore, other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, and loss of $7 ($95-$88) should be recorded. Investment 3 – Buy-A-Lot Company ASC 320-10-35-33F: â€Å"Changes in the quality of the credit enhancement should be considered when estimating whether a credit loss exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover.† Although the fair value of the investment was lower than the amortized cost, the credit rating had been upgraded from BBB to BBB+, and the investment does not intend to be sold. These evidence show that the bond is expected to recover, so no other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. Investment 4 – March Madness Incorporated ASC 320-10-35-34: â€Å"The fair value of the investment would then become the new amortized cost basis of the investment and shall not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value.† Based on ASC 320-10-35-34 I mentioned above, the other-than-temporary impairment should be recoded as $28 ($100-$72) as of December 31, 20X1. On January 31, 20X2, when the price of the stock went up to $75, the other-than-temporary impairment should be recoded as $25 ($100-$75). If the share price was $95 instead of $75 on January 31, 20X2, I think no other-than-temporary impairment needs to be recorded, because there is no material decrease occurred. Investment 5 — Tohoku Toys ASC 320-10-35-35: â€Å"In periods after the recognition of an other-than-temporary impairment loss for debt securities, an entity shall account for the other-than-temporarily impaired debt security as if the debt security had been purchased on the measurement date of the  other-than-temporary impairment at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in earnings. For debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairments were recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected shall be accreted in accordance with existing applicable guidance as interest income.† Although Tohoku Toys is undergoing a restructuring because of earthquake, OTT does not believe the restructuring will be successful. Based on authoritative literature mentioned above, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be recognized as $20 ($25-$5) when no addition evidence provided. Investment 6 — Chatterbox –Alternative 1: SAB 320-10-35-34B: â€Å"If an entity intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date.† Based on the authoritative literature, if OTT intends to sell this security, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment’s amortized cost basis ($100) and its fair value ($90), which is $10. –Alternative 2: SAB 320-10-35-34C: â€Å"If an entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be separated into both of the following: a. The amount representing the credit loss. b. The amount related to all other factors. Different from alternative 1, if OTT does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security, †¨the credit loss will be $8 ($100-$92) and other factor loss will  be $2 ($10-$8).

International Students Experience at Bluefield State College Essay

As a former international student of Bluefield State College, I want to thank the administration for great support and faculty stuff for outstanding academic experience during past two years. I know that you have biggest interest in well-being of foreign students. Your first priority always was to provide the best experience and support in any situation to every student on campus. The main purpose of this proposal is to make international students feel more comfortable and confident while at Bluefield State College. There are few difficulties that international students go through by arriving to college. First is a language barrier, which affects foreign students’ academic and social success. Second is cultural adaptation, which slower students’ transition into the new culture and understanding of local traditions. Third is the distance from a family which makes it hard for a student to go through some difficulties, when family can’t give any suggestion in a different situation due to cultural differences. Development of international student support center would help students to adapt to a new education system and culture faster. Organization of mix cultural events on campus would help make friends among the local population and help in cultural transition. Mentoring would give support to situations when family couldn’t help and improve academic results. I believe that if the administration will take all this concerns under consideration and implement some of the suggestions; it will drive up the retention of international students as well as new recruitment and overall satisfaction of foreign students. Sincerely, This proposal will identify different symptoms that dictate experience of international students at the university. Research will describe arguments like language barrier, cultural differences, distance from the family and social interaction in great details. Another helpful aspect of this paper is to suggest solutions to all the arguments. Developing international student’s center will improve foreign students’ satisfaction with a college experience. This proposal will explain how mentoring, counseling and cultural exchange events will improve students experience and academic success. Introduction Every school wants to be recognized not only locally but also worldwide. Schools try to attract student from all over the world by giving scholarships to foreign students, or contracting with international schools on exchange programs. It is a challenge to bring international students to college in the United States, but the most important task is to make foreign students feel like they didn’t leave home, or they aren’t that far from it. Every institution would like to see each international student successfully get a degree and leave school with the best experience. I want to address problems and needs of international students, when they choose to come to colleges in the United States. The best example would be Bluefield State College, which I attended as an international student. Bluefield State College is a small school in Bluefield, West Virginia. Population of the college is mostly local residents. There is no campus housing, or transportation provided by the school, which makes it inconvenient for students. Unsafe surrounding is another downsize, there were a few incidents including shooting and fighting. College is known for their good engineering and nursing programs, in addition to a few others. The biggest downsize is that Bluefield State College doesn’t have International Center. When it comes to international students, there is a lot that needs to be taken under consideration like the language barrier, cultural differences, social life, and distance from the family. Development of an international support center will improve international students’ assimilation, facilitate intercultural engagement and promote academic success. Arguments a. Language barrier The level of English proficiency is very low, when international students first arrive to school in the United States. It becomes the biggest obstacle n communication. It also affects students’ confidence. Some students scared to say something incorrect, or being misunderstood. The main purpose of international students of studying in the United States is to exchange cultural experience, make new friends and receive worldwide accepted degree. One of the articles shows due to limited English many stu dents shut down, they choose to stay in the room and communicate with peers who are from the same geographic background (McLachlan & Justice, 2009). Foreign students decide to socialize among each other because they have a lot of things in common. Majority of international students is from Saudi Arabia at Bluefield State College. It makes it easier for them to communicate among each other, the cultural difference not that visible, which makes them feel like they have never left home. There is a major downsize in the situation like that, English proficiency of these students doesn’t improve, and they don’t get complete experience in cultural exchange. Sovic (2009) article makes it clear from international students’ interviews that home students don’t want to interact with foreigners because of their language proficiency. They feel like it takes too long for international students to express their ideas, and they ask few times to repeat, because of the language, slang, and humor (Sovic, 2009). Language proficiency has a huge effect on academic success. First international students have to adjust to the education system, difference in the grading scale, and professors’ way of teaching classes. Another problem arises, when students have to follow a professor and take notes in a different language. Some professors require participation in class. A lot of international students don’t feel comfortable to speak up during a class session, because of the accent. They feel that they will be misunderstood. If students don’t participate in discussions, it counts against their grade. The main obstacle is to writing, it is already hard to write a research paper that would meet higher education standards, but it is twice harder to write it in a different language. Research article proves that local students had better academic results during first and second years in university than international students. However, article shows that the problem is not just language barrier, but also difference in culture. Students speaking a different language family, differently adjusting to understanding and learning English (Mann, Canny, Lindley & Rajan, 2010). That means that international students have to spend twice more time in order to get the same results as home students. This gives even less time for socializing. b. Cultural difference Cultural difference is another obstacle that foreign students have to adjust. The article explains crucial point of every foreign student’s unique background (Wedding, McCartney & Currey, 2009). Depending on the country of origin, some students take longer than other to adapt to the American culture. For example, Asian students find it very difficult to get used to American food, so they don’t go to the school cafeteria, where there is just local food. Asian students are trying to find stores or places where they could get and cook homemade food. Another aspect of the cultural differences is religion. For example, Arabian students have different holidays, which dictate what time they can have classes, receive food, or pray. They have to readjust, because universities’ schedule in the United States doesn’t include any of it. Another critical cultural group is students from India and surrounding India countries. According to their religion, students can’t eat beef, because a cow is saint animal. Most of products in the United States are made from beef; some of the Indian students not realizing that in the first couple weeks eat beef produced products. Many American holidays are different from other countries. Sports play a great part in American culture. Sports are very common topic among American students. There is many more like fashion and music differences. Silvia Sovic (2009) suggests in her article that acculturation is very important in foreign students’ social lives. c. Distance from family Many of the students are just graduated from high school, used to their family being around. Moving away from home to college makes it very complicated. Students have to learn how to organize their day, control time, cooking, doing laundry. One of the studies explains common problems that foreign and home students go through during the first couple semesters at school. Both groups have to adjust to new academic system, independence, distance from family. Also, it shows other challenges that only international students’ experience. They have to deal with all the legal requirements, acculturation, and language barrier (Wedding, McCartney amp; Currey, 2009). Many of international students are facing some problems, where their parents can’t help them. Families are not familiar with the system, economic situation. Another research suggests that family and high school friends are the main support during the first couple weeks at college (Sherry, Thomas & Wing Hong, 2010). That proves that international students don’t have that support during first weeks at college. d. Social interaction Another very important challenge is social interaction. Many international students find it is very hard to start talking to home students. There is a different reason that leads to isolation of international students from American peers. Article explains that language barrier, cultural difference as well as the difference in age makes it hard to communicate with home students (Wei, Ku, Russell, Liao & Mallinckrodt, 2008). Similar age problem mentioned in Sovic (2009) article: many international students are older and have one or two undergraduate degrees, so it is hard to find common interests with local students and keep the dialogue going. Recommendations Every school should have an international center, where foreign students could seek for a help, support, or suggestion. There is an international center where there is a big international students’ population at schools. These international centers provide students with advice in different situations answer all legal questions, help to interact with other international students. I believe that every school who has international students, has to have international center in order to satisfy basic needs of the foreign students. a. Mentoring I believe that student-mentors would help international students in academic level also in social life. If an international student would have an American mentor, it will help them to improve their English proficiency. Foreign students will feel more confident to interact with an American mentor, then with regular student at first. Mentor wouldn’t mind to repeat phrases multiple times, or explain some situations, that international students wouldn’t understand. Mentors could introduce international students to their friends. One of the researches shows that students’ responds were very positive towards endorsing mentoring system in universities. They said that professors/mentors shared information on working as a teacher in American education system. Majority said that it helped them to make new friends through the meetings, which helped them to improve their English skills and easier adapt to the new environment. Students said that professors paid attention to difficulties that they had, which showed to students that faculty cares about them. All that made foreign students feels more confident and comfortable (Ku, Lahman, Yeh & Cheng, 2008; Sato & Hodge, 2009). b. Counseling services Endorsing counseling services could help not only assist international students, but also help universities better understand international students and what they are going through while at school. Counseling services will analyze each international student’s unique background and needs. Depending on a student’s cultural background counselors could come up with different programs in order to ease students’ transition into a new environment. I found research article that gives great examples of situations that international students experience in any institution. Concentrating on place of origin, culture, gender, age, counseling would be a great solution at meeting international students’ needs, helping them overcome any obstacles, and facilitating intercultural engagement (Tidwell & Hanassab, 2007). If consular group at every institution would hold that type of research, it will prepare university for new coming international students. Counselors’ task is not only to understand foreign students’ difficulties, but also understand their own culture and understand the difference between them. By completion of that task, it would be much easier to help foreign students introduce American culture and help them with transaction. Olivas and Li (2006) research suggests organizing events where local students could communicate with international students. Mixing or cultural exchange would help both group of students in developing new connections and developing new relationships. Paper suggests each university to do research on counseling programs (Olivas & Li, 2006). c. Pre-entry English courses Pre-entry English courses will better prepare international students for starting college. It will improve their English proficiency. These classes could give them better idea of the education system with no pressure of grading. It will allow them to come to the university in advance and get familiarize with surrounding. Helen Benzie (2010) suggests that pre-entry English courses will help students not only improve English level; it will give them opportunity to start adjusting to a new culture and socialize with local students before school semester starts. d. Intercultural events I believe that if a school or international center would organize more events, where international students would interact with home students, it will help to create friendship among different groups. Intercultural classes, where home students could learn about foreign cultures and international students would learn about local culture. One of the articles provides information on the culture mixing events. Mixing activities, where students with different background interact with each other, helps all cultural groups better understand each other (Mackay, Harding, Jurlina, Scobie & Khan,2011). Conclusion All information above indicates that all international students no matter what country they choose to get Higher Education from experience the same challenges. Every school has to consider these challenges and help foreign students overcome these difficulties, or try to make it less noticeable. Mentoring, counseling, host family programs are the most popular and effective ways to help students when they are going through acculturation. Organizing social events where international and local students could mix and interact outside of an academic environment. If every school would apply knowledge about foreign students’ unique needs, it would help not only students but also schools to develop future international connections.

Main Steps in the Writing Process

Main Steps in the Writing Process Those pesky essays and papers they never stop coming! And, as busy as you are, it is so tempting just to fire them off just to get something in on time. This is not a good idea, because those poor grades accumulate and all of a sudden you are at the end of the semester and looking at course grade that you will not want to share with your parents, for sure. If you do not really remember the writing process steps, heres a quick run-down with an easy and simple explanation of how to get through them. The 5 Steps of the Writing Process There are actually 6 steps if you count the decision on a topic and a thesis. But we will assume that you have at least that much taken care of. If not, there are some tips for that at the end of this post. Brainstorm or conduct research: If you are writing a basic essay that will not involve outside research, you need to list all of the possible things that might be included in the essay. Then you combine those that are related until you have 3-4 main ideas that will make up your body paragraphs. If you are writing an essay or paper that involves research, you know the drill. Find some good resources, read them and take notes. Organize your ideas or notes. Depending on the purpose for your essay or paper, there are a variety of organizers you can use. You may prefer just a basic outline or list of the order in which you are going to cover your sub-topics. If you are writing a comparison/contrast, on the other hand, you may want to use a Venn diagram; if you are writing a narrative, you will want to make a timeline. Write your rough draft: Write the body paragraphs first, then add your introduction and conclusion. Follow your organizer as you do this so that you leave nothing out that is important to your thesis statement. Revise, revise, and revise: This cannot be stressed enough it is one of the most important writing process steps, if you want a decent grade. There are several methods for this. If you are checking sentence structure and grammar, read the thing out loud to yourself you will catch most of those types of errors. If you are not a skilled writer, then get someone who is to review and edit it. Type up your final draft and be certain that your format is in accord with the instructors requirements, including both in-text and end-of text citations. Things Have Not Changed Over the Years Even in elementary school, the writing process for kids is very much like what it is for high school and college students. It is tried and tested and really does work, if you will follow each step carefully. Again, if you leave out a step, you end up with a piece of writing that can lack logical flow and/or have many structural and grammatical errors. A Word on Topic Selection Whether you have complete freedom to choose any topic you wish or whether you can select from among options, if you have any choice at all, pick a topic that interest you. If you do not, the whole process will just be drudgery. Once you have your topic, you do have to come up with a thesis statement. In a persuasive or argumentative piece, your thesis is your opinion. For other types, you will need to ask yourself some questions. Why is this topic important? What do I want others to take away from this? Answering these will help you get to your thesis.